When we talk about fertility tracking, the focus often falls on hormone levels, cycle charts, and blood tests. However, an often overlooked yet fascinating method for monitoring fertility is through the use of saliva. 

Yes, the very substance in your mouth can provide valuable insights into your fertility, especially during ovulation.

In this article, we explore the intriguing relationship between saliva and ovulation, particularly how it can be used to track fertility through a phenomenon known as salivary ferning. We will explain what salivary ferning is, how it works, and how it can be used as a tool for fertility tracking.

By the end, you’ll have a better understanding of how saliva testing can aid your journey toward conception or simply help track your menstrual cycle more accurately.

The Science Behind Salivary Changes During Ovulation

Hormones are key players in the ovulation process, and their fluctuations influence a variety of bodily functions, including saliva’s composition. Saliva changes during ovulation due to shifts in estrogen levels, which affect saliva’s molecular structure.

How Hormones Affect Saliva Composition

As ovulation approaches, estrogen levels rise significantly. Estrogen plays a crucial role in preparing the body for pregnancy by thickening the uterine lining, but it also impacts saliva. 

When estrogen levels are elevated, they influence the electrolyte balance in the saliva, which causes the saliva to form unique patterns when it dries.

These hormonal fluctuations cause changes in the consistency and structure of saliva, which can be observed under a microscope. One of the most noticeable patterns is salivary ferning.

The Role of Estrogen

Estrogen’s role extends beyond just preparing the body for ovulation. When estrogen is high during the fertile window, it promotes the formation of distinctive crystal-like patterns in saliva, known as ferning. These ferning patterns are the result of increased salt content in saliva, which causes the fluid to crystallize as it dries.

Formation of Ferning Patterns

Salivary ferning occurs because of the changes in the ionic composition of saliva during the hormonal surge that precedes ovulation. These ferning patterns are best viewed using a microscope, where they resemble the appearance of frost on a window or a fern leaf.

Scientific studies show that these patterns correlate strongly with ovulation. The presence of ferning indicates high estrogen levels, which in turn suggests the individual is in their fertile window.

What is Ferning?

Ferning refers to the distinctive crystalline structures that appear in dried saliva under a microscope. During the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle, estrogen levels surge, leading to the formation of Sodium Chloride crystals that resemble fern leaves in both saliva and cervical mucus. This crystallization of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) creates the fern-like pattern seen in saliva.

Different Types of Ferning Patterns

Image via Babyhopes

Not all ferning patterns are the same. There are various types of ferning that can be observed depending on the individual’s hormonal levels at different stages of their menstrual cycle:

  • Fertile Ferning: When the ferning pattern appears well-defined, with strong, fern-like shapes, it typically indicates high estrogen levels and suggests that ovulation is imminent. This is the optimal time for conception.
  • Non-Fertile Ferning: If the ferning is absent or faint, it indicates low estrogen levels, suggesting that the person is not currently in their fertile window.
  • Transitional Ferning: This intermediate pattern occurs as the body transitions between high and low estrogen stages. During the early follicular phase, as estrogen rises, the ferning pattern may initially appear faint or incomplete. The ferning pattern becomes more defined and pronounced as estrogen levels increase toward the ovulatory phase. After ovulation, when estrogen levels drop, the ferning becomes less distinct again, marking the non-fertile phase of the cycle.

How to Identify Fertile vs Non-Fertile Patterns

To track your fertility accurately using saliva testing, it’s essential to identify the changes in the ferning pattern throughout your cycle. 

Typically, a clear, well-formed, ferning pattern will appear during the ovulatory phase when estrogen peaks. After ovulation, as progesterone takes over, the ferning pattern may disappear or become less distinct 

Timeline of Pattern Changes Throughout Cycle

During the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, leading up to ovulation, you might see faint or no ferning patterns. 

As estrogen levels rise, the patterns begin to emerge more clearly. After ovulation, during the luteal phase, the patterns fade as progesterone takes over, signaling the end of the fertile window.

Benefits of Saliva-Based Ovulation Testing

Saliva testing for ovulation offers several advantages as follows;

  1. Non-Invasive Nature of Testing

One of the primary benefits of saliva testing is that it’s non-invasive. It can be done at home at any time, with no discomfort or need for medical assistance.

  1. Cost-Effectiveness

Saliva-based ovulation tests are also cost-effective, reusable and require only a small initial investment in the testing device.

  1. Ease of Use

Saliva testing is straightforward to perform. You simply apply a small sample of saliva to a microscope slide, allow it to dry, and observe the pattern under a magnifying lens. The saliva testing kits come with easy-to-follow instructions to guide you through the process.

  1. Long-Term Tracking Benefits

Saliva testing allows for long-term tracking of your fertility patterns. By consistently observing your saliva over several months, you can identify patterns in your cycle and predict when you’re most fertile.

  1. Comparison with Other Ovulation Testing Methods

While urine-based tests are effective, they only show the presence of the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge, which occurs shortly before ovulation. 

Conversely, saliva testing reflects estrogen levels, giving a broader view of the hormonal changes in your body leading up to ovulation.

How to Use Saliva Testing for Fertility Tracking

Step-by-Step Testing Process

  1. Prepare your test slide: Apply a small amount of saliva onto a microscope slide.
  2. Let it dry: Allow the saliva to air-dry for 10-15 minutes.
  3. Examine the slide: Use a magnifying glass or a microscope to view the dried saliva and look for ferning patterns.
  4. Track your results: Record your observations over time, noting the presence or absence of ferning.

Best Time of Day for Testing

The best time to test is usually in the morning, right after waking up. Saliva tends to be more concentrated at this time, giving you a clearer result.

What to Avoid Before Testing

Avoid eating, drinking, or smoking for at least 30 minutes before testing, as these can affect the saliva’s composition and distort the results.

How to Interpret Results

Clear, well-defined ferning patterns indicate you’re likely in your fertile window. If the pattern is absent or unclear, it suggests you’re in a non-fertile phase of your cycle.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

  • Testing too soon: Early in your cycle, you might not see any ferning. Be patient and test consistently over several days.
  • Not following the instructions: Improper sample collection or timing may lead to inaccurate results.

Accuracy and Reliability of Saliva Testing

Factors Affecting Accuracy

Several factors can influence the reliability of saliva tests, such as diet, hydration, medications, and oral health. Ensuring you’re testing under optimal conditions (e.g., first thing in the morning and after avoiding food or drink) will help improve accuracy.

Tips for Improving Reliability

To improve the reliability of saliva testing:

  • Test consistently at the same time each day.
  • Track patterns over time rather than relying on a single test.
  • Consult a doctor if you’re unsure about the results or if you have irregular cycles.

KNOWHEN® Saliva Ovulation Test 

KNOWHEN® Saliva Ovulation Test is one of the most popular devices used for saliva-based ovulation testing. It offers several key benefits:

  • FDA clearance: The device is FDA-cleared, ensuring that it meets quality and safety standards.
  • Mobile app integration: It integrates with the KNOWHEN®LITE mobile app that tracks your fertility patterns and gives you real-time feedback.
  • Ease of use: The KNOWHEN® device is designed to be simple to use, with easy-to-read results and helpful guidance on how to interpret them.

Conclusion

Saliva testing for ovulation is a non-invasive and convenient way to track fertility. By understanding the correlation between saliva and hormonal changes, particularly the formation of ferning patterns, you can gain a better understanding of your menstrual cycle and fertility window. 

 References:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6081768/#:~:text=Observation%20of%20salivary%20characteristic%20found,ovulation%20according%20to%20available%20studies. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2649824/ 

https://cegh.net/article/S2213-3984(20)30013-0/fulltext#:~:text=The%20collection%20of%20saliva%20does,the%20smears%20prepared%20with%20saliva.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301211515002687#:~:text=Conclusion,be%20used%20for%20contraception%20purposes.

https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/home-use-tests/ovulation-saliva-test#:~:text=What%20does%20this%20test%20do,form%20a%20fern%2Dshaped%20pattern.

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Kim Tillinghast

Principal, Partner

Kim Tillinghast began her career in the banking industry in 1985. She graduated with a degree in Finance from West Texas State University in 1990 and has continued her education by earning her Series 24 General Securities Principal Exam and Certified Plan Fiduciary Advisor (CPFA™). Shortly thereafter she started her brokerage career at a traditional wirehouse in downtown Los Angeles, California in 1991. After relocating to Orange County, Kim became an independent financial advisor in May of 1993. She brings over 37 years in the banking and finance industry with experience ranging from designing, developing, employing and maintaining complex investment strategies, Pension Plans, Employee Stock Option Plans, Corporate Finance, Estate Planning and Transition. Outside of her career, she served as Co-Chair of the Dallas County Susan G. Komen Race for the Cure 2013 and 2014 and currently serves on the Board of the Tillinghast Society, Inc. With a deep love for animals, she continues to volunteer for multiple emergency animal response teams including Red Rover, HSUS, UAN, ASPCA and volunteers weekly at the Irving Animal Shelter. Kim also loves worldwide adventure travel and has many amazing experiences visiting almost half of the world’s countries and all seven continents, twice.

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Karthik Muraliraj was raised in Fort Worth, Texas, and developed an interest in investing and economics at a young age. After graduating from the University of Texas at Austin with a Bachelor of Arts in Economics and a minor in Business, he started his career as a financial professional in 2008. Throughout his career, Karthik has continued to educate himself by gaining multiple designations. Since moving to Dallas, he has been an active member in the community—volunteering with organizations such as the network of Indian Professionals, Dallas Autumn Ball and Reading Partners. Karthik is an avid sports fan and enjoys supporting his alma mater as a proud member of the Texas Exes Dallas Chapter. In his free time, Karthik enjoys cooking, travel, fitness and spending time with this wife, son, dog, and cat.

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Crystal Arredondo was born and raised in Germany. She moved to Texas following her parents’ decision to retire after serving an overseas career in the Armed Forces. Seeing firsthand the difficult transition to civilian life after retirement, Crystal obtained her MBA in Finance at the University of North Texas and began her career as a financial advisor. In 2009, she completed the Retirement Planning Specialist Program at the Wharton School of Business, University of Pennsylvania. In 2018, she earned her designation of Certified Divorce Financial Analyst® (CDFA®). In 2022, she earned the additional designation as a Certified Plan Fiduciary Advisor (CPFA™). As the daughter of an immigrant mother, she especially enjoys helping women and business owners make decisions that affect their financial independence. She served as the 2015-16 Chair for the National Association of Women Business Owners (NAWBO) and 2016-17 Chair for the NAWBO Institute of Entrepreneurial Development.

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Philip Strunk is a native of Houston, TX. Philip earned his Bachelor of Business Administration and Masters in Professional Accounting from the University of Texas at Austin’s McCombs School of Business. He earned his designation as Certified Public Accountant (CPA) in 2004 and CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER (TM) certification in 2010. Having started his career with Deloitte & Touche, LLP in 2005, Philip spent a year and a half in Deloitte’s Audit and Assurance Services group and provided a variety of financial services for a number of Fortune 500 companies. He decided in late 2006 that his talent and passion for investments were best suited for working with smaller groups and individuals. After obtaining the required securities registrations and insurance licenses, Philip became a financial advisor. The impact was plainly visible and more fulfilling. Philip serves as the Investment Director for MPACT.

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John C. Farris is a founding partner and has more than forty years in both public and private business serving in a variety of management and leadership capacities. John completed the Retirement Planning Specialist Program at the Wharton School of Business at the University of Pennsylvania earning the Retirement Planning Specialist designation. John and his family have a history of philanthropic giving through numerous non-profit organizations. John recently completed his designation as a Chartered Advisor in Philanthropy® (CAP®). He is also a member of The International Association of Advisors in Philanthropy. His primary goal is to help people give intelligently with love and thereby experience the true joy of helping others. John lives in Park Cities and has served on the Public Works Advisory Council, as finance director of the BSA West Park District, the BSA Troop 82 Executive Board, and as a BSA Assistant Scoutmaster for Troop 82, Dallas, Texas.